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TYPES OF GROUP


TYPES OF GROUP

Definition: The Group refers to two or more persons who shares a common interest and come together to achieve common goals and objectives. The groups can be formal and informal; formal groups are created by the organization with the intent to accomplish its objective, while the informal groups get created spontaneously as soon as the individuals interact with each other.
      There are two types of groups. These are as follows:
1. Formal Group

2. Informal Group

1. Formal Group: Formal groups are created to fulfill specific needs or to perform tasks which are related to the overall organisational purpose. They are intentionally designed to channel individual effort in an appropriate direction. They exhibit the formality of structure, hierarchy of authority, roles and functions. Rules and sanctions guide behavior of formal groups.

(i) Membership and Reference Groups: The membership group is the one to which an individual actually belongs to. Sometimes the membership fee is to be given to become a member of certain groups. The club membership is the best example of membership groups.

(ii) Functional or Command Groups: The command group is generally specified by the structure of the organisation. It is defined by the organisation chart and is comprised of the subordinates who report directly to a superior. Task Group is a group of individuals who come together to accomplish a certain task or a job assigned to them. Generally, these groups are created to capitalize the expertise of different individuals towards the accomplishment of a particular project.

(iii) In-groups and Out-groups: The in-group are the types of groups composed of the individuals who holds a dominant position in the social functioning. These members could be in the majority and carry prevailing values in the society. The out-group refers to those individuals who are in the certain instances considered to be less in numbers and often looked upon as marginal or subordinate in the society.

2. Informal Group: The Informal groups are those groups that get created spontaneously as soon as individuals start interacting with each other. The informal groups are formed by the individuals to satisfy their social needs of affiliation, and they emerge on their own and hence not created by the management of the organization. Such groups do not arise as a result of deliberate design but rather evolve naturally in work situation in response to social needs. They are not sanctioned by organisation and their membership often cuts across formal groups.  Now the question arises that how the informal groups come into the existence? For this, various theories have been proposed by several theorists, which are as follows:

(i) Open Versus Closed Groups: An open group often changes its membership with people constantly moving and out of the group. In contrast, a closed group has a relatively stable membership.

(ii) Primary Group: The concept of primary groups was first put by Charles H. Colley. He explains that primary groups are “fundamental in forming the social nature and ideals of the individual.” This concept was further developed and refined by George Homans.

(iii) Interest Group: Sometimes, individual who may not be members of same command or task group may affiliate to achieve some mutual objectives.


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