MANAGEMENT NOTES

  What is Digital Tax? Equalisation Levy (Digital Taxation) was introduced in India (the first country in the world to do so) in the Year 2016 on online Advertisement, subsequent to the ‘Report of the Committee on Taxation of E-Commerce’ which proposed Equalisation Levy on Specified Transactions. However it was kept outside the domain of the Income Tax Act, which leads to certain issues e.g. a tax credit of Equalisation Levy in other countries, no liability of the beneficiary, Tax Neutrality, etc. thereafter the amendments of 2018, introducing the concept of Significant Economic Presence (SEP) and the lately (2020) introduced amendment to Finance Act 2018. Rapid  digitization is one constant that has changed the world we live in. From buying groceries, booking cabs, and watching movies to connecting with people the world over through social media/ messaging applications, almost everything is possible online. As more and more people participate in the digital economy, ther...

  What is RACI Matrix? The RACI Matrix has a fixed design, with the names of functional roles on the horizontal axis and the various tasks, activities, the achievements to be delivered and responsibilities on the vertical axis. We must distinguish between a functional role and individual people. A functional role is a description of a wide range of tasks. Such a role can be carried out by multiple people. Conversely, an individual person may fulfil various different roles. For instance, ten employees can fulfil the role of the project manager within an organisation, and a single individual can fulfil the role of project manager and business analyst. RACI is an acronym of four important characteristics involved in a project. RACI Stands For: Responsible (R) This refers to the individual who will perform a task. Each task has to have at least one person who completes it. If an R is missing in any of the matrix rows that task has not been assigned to anyone creating a gap that nee...

  VRIO Analysis At the start of this century, American management professor  Jay B. Barney  developed the so-called VRIO Framework, VRIO Framework or VRIO Analysis. The VRIO Analysis is perfectly suited for the evaluation of the use of company resources. Following this technical analysis, a company will be able to better position itself relative to its competitors. After all, the VRIO Analysis also provides insight into the advantages of an organization vis-à-vis its competitors. VRIO is an acronym that stands for:  V = Value ,  R = Rareness ,  I   = Imitability ,  O = Organisation . 1. Value: This refers to the value of the resource used; how expensive is it, is it easily available, should it be purchased, rented, or leased? Should the resource be too expensive, it may be better to outsource it. It is, after all, about utilized opportunities and the value that a resource will ultimately generate for the company. Take the rental of a ...

Qualities of a Good Salesman 1. Courtesy: A salesman should always be polite and courteous towards his customers. It costs nothing but wins permanent customers for the product. He should help the customers in making the right choice or in selecting the products. This will definitely help in winning over the confidence of the customers. 2. Good behavior:   A salesman should be co-operative and courteous. Good behavior enables one to win the confidence of the customers. He should not feel irritated if the buyer puts up many questions even if the questions are irrelevant. It is also not necessary that the person he is trying to convince buys the products. A salesman has to remain courteous in every case. 3. Social Qualities: A salesman should be social and have the ability to mix up with people. He should have the patience to listen to the customers and understand their needs. He should be polite and humble in talking to the customers. He should remain courteous with the customers t...

  Porter's Generic (Competitive) Strategies Michael Porter's Generic Strategies are a useful framework for organizations to identify a potential niche in which they can gain a competitive advantage in any industry.  The Generic Strategies Each of these is an example of a  Generic Strategy , as coined by Porter. They are referred to as generic as they can be applied to products, services across all industries, and in organizations of a variety of sizes.  These initial strategies as described by Porter were:  Cost Leadership   (cheap, no expenses),  Differentiation   (unique or premium products) and  Focus   (a specialized service or market). He later sub-divided Focus into two different strategies:  Differentiation Focus   (unique strategy differentiation in a focused market) and  Cost Focus   (lower costs in a focused market).  1. Cost Leadership This strategy generally consists of an organization attemp...

  Levels of Business Strategy The business goal is achieved by the effective execution of different business strategies. While every employee, partner, and stakeholder of the company focus on fulfilling a single business objective, their activities are defined by various business strategies according to their level in the organization. Level 1: The Corporate Level The corporate level is the highest and most broad level of the business strategy. It is the business plan which sets the guidelines of what is to be achieved and how the business is expected to achieve it. It sets the mission, vision, and corporate objectives for everyone. Level 2: The Business Unit Level The business unit level is a unit-specific strategy which differs for different units of the business. A unit can be different products or channels which have totally different operations. These units form strategies to differentiate themselves from the competitors using competitive strategies and to alig...

  Business Strategy A business strategy can be defined as the combination of all the decisions taken and actions performed by the business to accomplish business goals and to secure a competitive position in the market. It is the backbone of the business as it is the roadmap that leads to the desired goals. Any fault in this roadmap can result in the business getting lost in the crowd of overwhelming competitors.

  Advantages of SWOT Analysis a.      It is a source of information for strategic planning. b.     Builds an organization’s strengths. c.      Reverse its weaknesses. d.     Maximize its response to opportunities. e.      Overcome the organization’s threats. f.       It helps in identifying the core competencies of the firm. g.      It helps in setting objectives for strategic planning. h.     It helps in knowing past, present, and future so that by using past and current data, future plans can be chalked out.

  Swot Analysis Definition:   SWOT stands for 'Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats'. This is a method of analysis of the environment and the company's standing in it. 1. Strengths-   Strengths are the qualities that enable us to accomplish the organization’s mission. These are the basis on which continued success can be made and continued/sustained. Strengths can be either tangible or intangible. These are what you are well-versed in or what you have expertise in, the traits and qualities your employees possess (individually and as a team) and the distinct features that give your organization its consistency. 2. Weaknesses -   Weaknesses are the qualities that prevent us from accomplishing our mission and achieving our full potential. These weaknesses deteriorate influences on organizational success and growth. Weaknesses are the factors that do not meet the standards we feel they should meet. 3. Opportunities - Opportunities are presented by the env...

  PESTLE Analysis The PESTLE analysis is another environmental scanning techniques that help provide insight into the external situation of an organization from many different angles. It focuses on political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors. Political factors  – The  impact of government policies, trading policies or elections.  Economic factors   – The impact of economic trends, taxes, or import/export ratios.  Social factors  –  The  impact of demographics, lifestyles, or ethnic issues.  Technological factors   – The impact of advancing technology or technology legislations.  Legal factors   –  The  impact of employment laws or health and safety regulations.  Environmental factors  –  The  impact of climate change or environmental regulations.